A Study On The Challenges Of Administration Of Criminal Justice System In Modern India.

The principal purpose of criminal justice administration is to preserve and defend the rule of law i.e, social control of law, maintenance of order, speedy trial, penalization of offenders, rehabilitation of offenders through the judicial system, and solace to victims of crimes. The current criminal justice system is affected by various loopholes and faults. The legal approach is time-consuming and generally geared towards the mind of the accused i.e., a system that is involved with the rights and interests of the offender instead of those of the victims. The current criminal justice system has been unsuccessful in delivering speedy and prompt justice to people and guaranteeing the certainty of penalization to perpetrators of crime. The necessity is therefore to offer a reformed look at the various aspects of the criminal justice system in the field of justice for people and regarding the increasing challenges of criminal justice reform.

Current legislation on medical cannabis. History, movements, trends and counter-tendencies, in the Brazilian territory / Legislação atual sobre cannabis medicinal. Histórico, movimentos, tendências e contratendências no território brasileiro

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cannabis sativa is a plant that has been used by humankind for many years and is in the media spotlight due to its pharmacological features, being considered the great therapeutic option of the century. With the advent of the Drug Law (Lei de Drogas - Law No. 11,343/2006) there was a starting point for the situation of cannabis in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this narrative review was to discuss information about legal issues regarding cannabis in the Brazilian territory. CONTENTS: The Collegiate Directorate Resolution (Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada - RDC) No. 327 of December 2019, published by Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA), provides on the procedures for granting health authorization for manufacturing and importation, as well as establishes requirements for marketing, prescription, storage, monitoring and surveillance of cannabis products for medicinal purposes to human use. The Bill of Law (Projeto de Lei - PL) No. 399/2015, proposed to amend article 2 of Law No. 11,343, of August 23, 2006, to enable planting and marketing of drugs containing extracts, substrates or parts of the cannabis plant. CONCLUSION: Cannabis cultivation in Brazil would make a great contribution not only to the pharmaceutical industry, but also to the agricultural industry, generating jobs and reducing raw material costs for drugs. However, the slow pace of Brazilian politics would be an obstacle. There is a need for more consolidated and specific legislation to regulate cannabis.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A Cannabis sativa é uma planta utilizada pela humanidade há muitos anos e está em evidência nas mídias devido ao seu caráter farmacológico, sendo considerada a grande opção terapêutica do século. Com o advento da Lei de Drogas (Lei nº 11.343/2006) houve um ponto de partida para a situação da cannabis no Brasil. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta revisão narrativa foi discorrer sobre informações acerca de questões legais quanto à cannabis no território brasileiro. CONTEÚDO: A Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº 327, de dezembro de 2019, publicada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), dispõe sobre os procedimentos para a concessão da autorização sanitária para a fabricação e a importação, bem como estabelece requisitos para a comercialização, prescrição, dispensação, monitoramento e a fiscalização de produtos de cannabis para fins medicinais de uso humano. O Projeto de Lei (PL) nº 399/2015, propôs alterar o artigo 2º da Lei nº 11.343, de 23 de agosto de 2006, para viabilizar o plantio e a comercialização de fármacos que contenham extratos, substratos ou partes da planta cannabis. CONCLUSÃO: O cultivo da cannabis no Brasil traria uma grande contribuição não só para a indústria farmacêutica, como também para a indústria agrícola, na geração de empregos e na redução dos custos da matéria-prima de fármacos. No entanto, a morosidade da política brasileira seria um empecilho. Há necessidade de uma legislação mais consolidada e específica para regulamentação da cannabis.

Medicinal cannabis law in the USA: history, movements, trends, and countertrends / Legislação sobre cannabis medicinal nos Estados Unidos: histórico, movimentos, tendências e contra-tendências

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In recent decades, the United States (USA), after banning the use, possession, and commerce of the CS plant for medicinal and social purposes for nearly a century, has embarked on law reform processes and movements at the state level to legalize the plant, forging regulated markets to support these changes. The present study's objective was to describe the history of prohibition and eventual legalization, observing the social, political, and economic components that contributed to this paradigm shift. CONTENTS: Qualitative research, using observation, literature review, and analysis of practical experience in advocacy processes, law reform, and building regulated markets to replace prohibition. The historical, social, and economic processes that made up the end of the prohibition of CS and its later regulation as a substance for medicinal and social use were described. CONCLUSION: CS during the last century has been labeled as a drug with no medicinal potential for purely political and non-scientific reasons. A number of civil society movements in the US led to the legalization of CS due to its therapeutic properties. These movements have succeeded in redefining the plant as a medicine rather than a drug, while also taking into account the high social and economic costs of criminalizing it.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Nas últimas décadas, os Estados Unidos (EUA), depois de proibir o uso, a posse e a comercialização da planta Cannabis sativa para fins medicinais e sociais por quase um século, embarcou em processos e movimentos de reforma de lei em nível estadual para legalizar a planta, forjando mercados regulamentados para amparar essas mudanças. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o histórico da proibição e da eventual legalização, observando os componentes sociais, políticos e econômicos que contribuíram para essa mudança de paradigma. CONTEÚDO: Utilizou-se de revisão de literatura, amparada por análise de experiência prática em processos de "advocacy" e construção de mercados regulamentados em substituição a proibição. Foram descritos os processos históricos, sociais e econômicos que compuseram o fim da proibição da Cannabis sativa e sua eventual regulamentação como substância para uso medicinal e social nos EUA. CONCLUSÃO: Durante o último século, a Cannabis sativa foi rotulada como droga sem potencial medicinal por motivos puramente políticos e não científicos. Uma série de movimentos da sociedade civil nos EUA levou à legalização da Cannabis sativa devido a suas propriedades terapêuticas. Esses movimentos tiveram êxito ao redefinirem a planta como um remédio ao invés de uma droga, levando em conta também o alto custo social e econômico de sua criminalização.

Study on the effect of personal radiological protective equipment used in diagnostic radiology / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To study the actual effect of the use of personal protective equipment of the examined individuals, and provide reference and basis for the correct use of personal protective equipment and the radiological health administrative law enforcement.Methods:From February to June 2022, the imaging department of Qingdao Municipal Hospital selected 170 patients who underwent X-ray imaging examination (oral panoramic, dental radiography, DR photography, CT scanning), including 25 with oral panoramic and dental radiography, 60 with CT scanning and 60 with DR imaging. The thermoluminescent dosimeter was used to detect the ambient dose equivalent at the point of concern for 170 examined individuals who have used personal protective equipment to cover their sensitive parts, and to analyze the data detected at the same point as above when routinely using the same equipment.Results:There was a statistically significant difference in the dose equivalent at the same points inside and outside the lead neckband ( t=-2.23, P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the dose equivalent at the same point inside and outside the lead collar during dental radiography ( P>0.05). During DR photography (chest PA, lateral and lumbar AP), the examined individuals were wearing lead aprons. Among them, there was a statistically significant difference in the dose equivalent at the same points inside and outside the lead aprons of children′s chest PA and adults′ chest PA ( U=10.00, 19.00, P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the dose equivalent at the same points inside and outside the lead aprons of adult′s chest PA and lumbar AP ( P>0.05). When performing CT scan (chest or upper abdomen), there was a statistically significant difference in the dose equivalent at the same points of wrapped lead aprons( U=878.50, 11.00, P<0.05). Conclusions:The correct use of personal protective equipment is a complex technical problem. It is very important to fully and accurately understand the optimization principle of radiation protection and correctly use personal protective equipment for the examined individuals. The administrative punishment of radiation health on the use of personal protective equipment of the examined individuals should be cautious.

Drug use and driving behaviors among drivers with and without alcohol-related infractions

Abstract Introduction Brazil is one of the countries with the highest rates of alcohol-related traffic infractions, but little is known about the profile of the drivers who commit them. Identifying the characteristics of impaired drivers is essential for planning preventive actions. Objective To compare drug use and driving behavior profiles of drivers with and without alcohol-related infractions. Methods 178 drivers stopped at routine roadblocks were assessed by traffic agents who conducted standard roadblock procedures (document verification; request of a breathalyzer test [BT]). Drug use and driving behavior data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Subjects were divided into three groups: drivers who refused the BT (RDs, n = 72), drivers who tested positive on the BT (PDs, n = 34), and drivers who had committed other infractions (ODs, n = 72). Results The proportion of alcohol use in the last year was higher among RDs (100%) than in the PD and OD groups (97.1% and 72.2% respectively, p < 0.001). Lifetime prevalence of cannabis and cocaine use for the overall sample was 44.3% and 18.2%, respectively. Fewer individuals in the OD group (31.5%) reported having been stopped at roadblocks in the previous year compared to the PDs (55.9%) and RDs (48.6%, p = 0.03). However, a higher proportion of RDs reported drunk driving in the same period (87.5%; PD 69.7%; OD 26.9%; p < 0.001). Conclusion Essential differences among groups were observed. RDs had a higher proportion of alcohol use and drunk driving in the previous year; drivers who fit into this particular group may be unresponsive or less responsive to social deterrence and enforcement actions.

Association of sex-related differences in body composition to change of direction speed in police officers while carrying load / Asociación de diferencias relacionadas con el sexo en la composición corporal para cambiar la velocidad de dirección de oficiales de policía durante el transporte de carga

Regardless of sex or body size, police tasks may require officers to change direction speed (CODS) under occupational loads. The purpose of this study was to investigate body composition and CODS in female and male police cadets in both unloaded and occupationally loaded conditions. Body composition and CODS of 51 female (FPC) and 70 male police cadets (MPC) were assessed. Six body composition indices were used: Body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (PBF), percent of skeletal muscle mass (PSMM), protein fat index (PFI), index of hypokinesia (IH), and skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI). The CODS was assessed by Illinois Agility Test (IAT) and IAT while carrying a 10-kg load (LIAT). An independent sample t-test was used to identify the differences between the sexes. The regression determined associations between body composition and LIAT. The alpha level was set at p < 0.05 a priori. MPC had significantly higher (p < 0.001) BMI, PSMM, PFI and SMMI and lower PBF and IH than FPC. MPC were also faster in IAT and LIAT, carrying lower relative loads that imparted less of an impact on CODS performance. Body composition was strongly associated with the time to complete LIAT (R2 = 0.671, p < 0.001). Difference in relative load and body composition influenced CODS performance in both unloaded and loaded conditions. Thus, optimizing body composition through increasing skeletal muscle mass and reducing fat mass could positively influence unloaded and loaded CODS performance and improve elements of police task performance.

El trabajo policial puede requerir que los oficiales cambien la velocidad de dirección (CVD) bajo cargas ocupacionales, indistintamente del sexo o tamaño corporal. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar la composición corporal y los CVD en cadetes de policía de ambos sexos, tanto en condiciones de descarga como de trabajo. Se evaluaron la composición corporal y los CVD de 51 mujeres (CPF) y 70 cadetes de policía masculinos (CPM). Se utilizaron seis índices de composición corporal: índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), porcentaje de masa muscular esquelética (PMME), índice de grasa proteica (IGP), índice de hipocinesia (IH) e índice de masa muscular esquelética (IMME). El CVD fue evaluado por Illinois Agility Test (IAT) y IAT mientras transportaba una carga de 10 kg (LIAT). Se usó una prueba t de muestra independiente para identificar las diferencias entre los sexos. La regresión determinó asociaciones entre la composición corporal y LIAT. El nivel alfa se estableció en p <0,05 a priori. CPM registraron un IMC, PMME, PGC y IMME significativamente más altos (p <0,001) y PGC e IH más bajos que las mujeres (CPF). Los CPM también fueron más rápidos en IAT y LIAT, llevando cargas más bajas, las que tuvieron un impacto menor en el rendimiento de CVD. La composición corporal estaba asociada con el tiempo para completar LIAT (R2 = 0,671, p <0,001). La diferencia en la carga relativa y la composición corporal influyeron en el rendimiento de CVD tanto en condiciones descargadas como cargadas. Por lo tanto, la optimización de la composición corporal a través del aumento de la masa del músculo esquelético, y la reducción de la masa grasa podrían influir de manera positiva en el rendimiento de CVD descargados y cargados, mejorando el rendimiento del trabajo policial.

A study on occupational stressors among civil police officers of a subdivision of Thrissur district

Background: Occupational stress among police officers is an extensive but neglected issue due to number of negative consequences on an individual as well as the police department. Policing is a highly demanding work environment, with constant threat to life, uncertainty at work, encounters, political pressure, exposure to violence, and death. Objectives: The objective of the study was to identify the occupation-related stressors faced by civil police officers in a subdivision in Thrissur. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among civil police officers in Irinjalakuda subdivision, Kerala, from January 2017 to October 2018. The study population consisted of all civil police officers from the subdivision. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire, which included sociodemographic variables and self-reported physical morbidities. Occupational stressors were measured using operational and organizational police stress Questionnaire. The data obtained was coded, entered in Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed using the statistical software, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version-23). Results: Nearly three-fourths of the participants were males and the mean age of the participants was 39.94 ± 7.067 years. Eight operational stressors were found to have a median value above four, while a median of five organizational stressors was found to be above four. “Fatigue” and “friends/family feel the stigma associated with job” were the most commonly quoted operational stressors while “staff shortages” and “bureaucratic red tape” were the most commonly quoted organizational stressors. Conclusion: Modifications such as sharing work and allotting fixed duty hours should be done to avoid stress and its adverse effects. Stress management training can be given at regular intervals to improve competency and enhance coping skills.

Adolescentes y derechos humanos: una aproximación a su ejercicio efectivo en la escuela / Adolescents and human rights: an approximation of the effective exercising of rights in school / Adolescentes e direitos humanos: uma aproximação ao seu exercício efetivo nas escolas

Resumen (analítico): Este escrito es parte de una investigación cuyo objetivo es analizar el conocimiento de alumnas, alumnos, profesoras y profesores sobre la aplicación efectiva de la Ley General de los Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes en el espacio escolar, a tres años de su publicación en México. Es un estudio cualitativo, realizado en escuelas secundarias públicas de la ciudad de Guadalajara. La información se recuperó mediante seis grupos de discusión con adolescentes y un cuestionario aplicado a 84 docentes. Los resultados indican que el desconocimiento de la ley se vincula de manera importante con el ejercicio no eficaz de los derechos humanos. A mayor desinformación de los agentes, mayor inclinación del profesorado a vulnerar los derechos del alumnado en el aula y menor capacidad de este para exigirlos.

Abstract (analytical): This paper is part of a research study aimed at analyzing the knowledge of male and female students and teachers on the effective application of the General Law for the Rights of Children and Adolescents in the school, three years after this law came into effect in Mexico. This was a qualitative study implemented in public junior high schools in the city of Guadalajara. The information was obtained through holding six discussion groups with adolescent students and conducting a questionnaire survey with 84 teachers. The results indicate that ignorance of the law is highly linked with the non-effective exercising of children and adolescents' human rights. The study shows that as the amount of misleading information provided to students increases, it is more probable that teaching staff violate the rights of this population in the classroom, and male and female students have less capacity to demand the fulfilling of their rights.

Resumo (analítico): Este artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa que tem por objetivo analisar o conhecimento de alunas, alunos, professoras e professores sobre a aplicação efetiva da Lei Geral dos Direitos de Meninas, Meninos e Adolescentes no espaço escolar, três anos após sua publicação no México. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, realizado em escolas secundárias públicas da cidade de Guadalajara. A informação foi obtida através de seis grupos de discussão com adolescentes e um questionário aplicado a 84 professores. Os resultados indicam que o desconhecimento da lei está ligado de maneira importante ao exercício ineficaz dos direitos humanos. Quanto maior a desinformação dos agentes, maior a inclinação dos professores a violar seus direitos na aula e menor a capacidade dos adolescentes para exigi-los.

Dilemma of psychological crisis intervention and coping strategies among college students / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#During the past few years, mental health crisis of college students has occurred frequently which significantly increased the expectations and requirements of mental health education and counseling in colleges and universities. After the promulgation and implementation of the National Mental Health Law, higher requirements have been put forward for the mental health education of college students, especially for the intervention of college students’ psychological crisis. It makes fundamental work in college mental health education and counselling more difficult and confusing in terms of the definition of mental health problems diagnosis and treatment, the appropriate place and context of mental health counseling, school management and the balance of students’ rights and interests. The consulting qualification of consultants in colleges and universities is facing difficulties and challenges. This paper expounds the function and influence of "Mental Health Law" on college students’ psychological crisis intervention, and defines the boundary between psychological consultation and psychotherapy. This paper proposes establishment of an effective psychological crisis intervention system, including clarification in the responsibility of mental health education in colleges and universities, implementation the combination of medicine and education, perfecting the rules and regulations of mental health education in colleges and universities, and improvement in the ability to deal with psychological crisis, which sheds lights on mental health education system for college students.

Política de drogas e Saúde Coletiva: diálogos necessários / Política de drogas y Salud Colectiva: diálogos necesarios / Drug policy and Collective Health: necessary dialogues

A hegemonia atual das políticas de drogas ilícitas tem implicações à Saúde Coletiva que necessitam ser discutidas de forma aprofundada. Este ensaio procura explorar, à luz das melhores evidências, o impacto das políticas sobre drogas focadas na criminalização do plantio, comércio e consumo de substâncias psicoativas sobre a saúde das populações. O contexto de análise principal será o brasileiro. Os pontos principais abordados por este trabalho incluem a questão social das drogas e a definição do paradigma proibicionista, as evidências da relação insalubre entre tal paradigma e a saúde das populações, a problemática de um modelo de assistência aos usuários de substâncias psicoativas focado nas comunidades terapêuticas, e futuros caminhos a serem explorados na superação da proibição de drogas ilícitas como a principal forma de abordar a questão. Entre os principais elementos problemáticos da abordagem repressiva no contexto brasileiro podem ser destacados a violência e a mortalidade por homicídios, os impactos sanitários do encarceramento e o bloqueio de acesso ao sistema de saúde e a novas terapias derivadas de substâncias psicoativas atualmente proscritas. Como propostas de mudanças políticas futuras, ressalta-se a descriminalização do uso, posse e pequenas vendas de drogas; a redução da violência e da discriminação associadas ao policiamento; o foco em políticas de redução de danos; a abordagem das especificidades relacionadas ao gênero; incluir variáveis sociais como métrica do sucesso no tratamento do uso problemático de drogas. Concluindo, é relevante que a questão social e política das drogas se torne objeto de mais estudos no campo da Saúde Coletiva.

La hegemonía actual de las políticas de drogas ilícitas tiene implicaciones para la Salud Colectiva que necesitan discutirse profundamente. Este trabajo estudia, a la luz de las mejores evidencias, el impacto de las políticas sobre las drogas, enfocadas en la criminalización del cultivo, tráfico y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, para la salud de la población. El contexto de análisis principal será el brasileño. Los puntos principales abordados por este trabajo incluyen: cuestión social de las drogas y la definición del paradigma prohibicionista; evidencias de la relación insana entre este paradigma y la salud de las poblaciones; así como la problemática de un modelo de asistencia a los consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas centrado en comunidades terapéuticas, y los futuros caminos que se exploran para que se supere la prohibición de las drogas ilícitas como la vía principal de abordaje de esta cuestión. Entre los elementos primordiales y problemáticos del enfoque represivo en el contexto brasileño se pueden destacar: violencia y mortalidad por homicidios; impactos sanitarios con conlleva el encarcelamiento y el bloqueo del acceso al sistema de salud; así como las nuevas terapias, derivadas de sustancias psicoactivas, actualmente proscritas. A modo de propuestas para posibles cambios políticos futuros, se resalta la descriminalización del consumo, posesión y venta de pequeñas cantidades de droga; la reducción de la violencia y discriminación, asociadas a la vigilancia policial; situar el centro de la cuestión en políticas de reducción de perjuicios para la salud; plantear las especificidades relacionadas con el género; así como incluir variables sociales como medir el éxito de los tratamientos relacionados con el consumo problemático de drogas. A modo de conclusión, es relevante que la cuestión social y política de las drogas se convierta en objeto de más estudios en el campo de la Salud Colectiva.

The current status of policies on illicit drugs has implications for Collective Health that need to be discussed in depth. This essay aims to explore, in light of the best evidence, the public health impact of drug policies focused on the criminalization of growing, selling, and consuming psychoactive substances. Brazil provides the context for the main analysis. The principal points addressed in this work include drugs as a social issue and the definition of the prohibitionist paradigm, evidence of the unhealthy relationship between this paradigm and the population's health, the issue of a model of care for users of psychoactive substances focused on therapeutic communities, and future paths to be explored to overcome the prohibition of illicit drugs as the principal approach to the issue. Among the main problematic elements in the repressive approach in the Brazilian context, the study highlights violence and homicides, the health impacts of incarceration and blocked access to the health system, and potential new therapies derived from currently banned psychoactive substances. As proposals for future policy changes, the study highlights decriminalization of the use, possession, and small-scale sale of drugs; the reduction of the violence and discrimination associated with policing; focus on harm reduction policies; approach to gender-related specificities; and inclusion of social variables as metrics for successful treatment of problematic drug use. In conclusion, it is relevant that the social issue and drug policy have become the object of more studies in the field of Collective Health.

Use of human body morphology as an indication of physical fitness: implications for police officers / Uso de la morfología del cuerpo humano como una indicación de la condición física: implicancias en oficiales de policía

Research with police officers (POs) suggests an association between body composition, physical performance and health. The aim of the study was to investigate the associations between body composition and measures of physical fitness, and their use to predict estimated physical fitness score (EPFS). The sample included 163 male POs (age = 31.61 ± 4.79 years, height = 172.97 ± 6.09 cm, body mass = 77.53 ± 11.66 kg). Eight body composition variables: body mass index (BMI), body fat mass index (BFMI), percent of body fat (PBF), percent skeletal muscle mass (PSMM), index of hypokinezia (IH), skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI), protein mass index (PMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI); and four physical fitness measures: a 3.2 km run, a 2-minute push-up, 2-minute sit-up and estimated physical fitness score (EPFS) were correlated, followed by the regression analysis for causal relationship between body composition and EPFS. Running 3.2 km test correlated to BMI, PBF, PSMM, BFMI, and SMMI (r = 0.274, 0.250, -0.234, 0.311, p<0.01, respectively); 2-minute push-up correlated to PBF, PSMM, BFMI, SMMI, PMI, IH, and FFMI (r = -0.413, 0.436, -0.375, 0.221, 0.231, -0.411, 0.261, p<0.01, respectively); 2-minute sit-up correlated to PBF, PSMM, BFMI, and IH (r = -0.237, 0.250, -0.236, -0.218, p<0.01, respectively); and EPFS correlated to BMI, FFMI, PBF, PSMM, BFMI, and IH (r = -0.200, 0.168, p<0.05, and r = -0.369, 0.378, 0.376, -0.317, p <0.01, respectively). Two models of predictions were extracted: 1) PBF, BFMI, PMI and FFMI (R2 = 0.250, p<0.001); 2) PBF, BFMI and PMI (R2 = 0.244, p<0.001). Obtained prediction models may be a promising screening method of a POs' fitness, when conducting the physical tests is not possible or safe (obese and injured POs or bad weather conditions).

En este trabajo realizado con oficiales de policía (OP) se sugiere una asociación entre la composición corporal y el rendimiento físico y la salud. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar las asociaciones entre la composición corporal y las medidas de aptitud física, y su uso para predecir el puntaje de aptitud física estimado (PAFE). La muestra incluyó 163 OP masculinos (edad = 31,61 ± 4,79 años, altura = 172,97 ± 6,09 cm, masa corporal = 77,53 ± 11,66 kg). Se analizaron ocho variables de composición corporal: índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice de masa corporal grasa (IMCG), porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), porcentaje de masa muscular esquelética (PMME), índice de hipoquinezia (IH), índice de masa muscular esquelética (IMME), índice de masa proteica (IMP) e índice de masa libre de grasa (IMLG); y cuatro medidas de aptitud física: se correlacionaron una carrera de 3,2 km, una elevación de 2 minutos, una postura de 2 minutos y un puntaje de aptitud física estimada (PAFE), seguido del análisis de regresión para la relación causal entre la composición corporal y el PAFE. La prueba de ejecución de 3,2 km se correlacionó con el IMC, PGC, PMME, IMCG y IMME (r = 0,274, 0,250, -0,234, 0,311, p <0,01, respectivamente); Push-up de 2 minutos correlacionado con PGC, PMME, IMCG, IMME, PMI, IH y IMLG (r = -0,413, 0,436, -0,375, 0,221, 0,231, 0,411, 0,261, p <0,01, respectivamente); Sit-up de 2 minutos correlacionado con PGC, PMME, IMCG e IH (r = -0,237, 0,250, 0,236, -0,218, p <0,01, respectivamente); y EPFS correlacionado con IMC, IMLG, PGC , PMME, IGMC e IH (r = -0,200, 0,168, p <0,05, y r = -0,369, 0,378, 0,376, -0,317, p <0,01, respectivamente). Se extrajeron dos modelos de predicción: 1) PGC, IGMC, IMP y IMLG (R2 = 0,250, p <0,001); 2) PGC, IGMC y IMP (R2 = 0,244, p <0,00). Los modelos de predicción obtenidos pueden ser un método prometedor de detección de la condición física de los OP, cuando no es posible o seguro realizar las pruebas físicas (OP obesos y lesionados o condiciones climáticas adversas).

Programa Patrulha da Saúde: indicadores de saúde em policiais rodoviários federais / Health's Patrol Program: health indicators from federal highway policemen

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o perfil sociodemográfico, de saúde, nutricional, físico e funcional de policiais rodoviários federais participantes do Programa Patrulha da Saúde e avaliar a associação dessas características com idade e tempo de serviço. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com policiais rodoviários federais de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, em setembro de 2015. Foram incluídos participantes do Programa Patrulha da Saúde que não estavam de férias ou licença. Aplicou-se questionário com informações sociodemográficas, nível de atividade física e sintomas osteomusculares. Foram aferidos dados antropométricos e nutricionais, pressão arterial e capacidades físicas e funcionais. As variáveis foram categorizadas por idade e tempo de serviço. Utilizaram-se os testes t independente e Qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher para avaliar as associações. O nível de significância adotado foi p≤0,05. RESULTADOS: Dos 64 policiais da delegacia de Pelotas, 41 (64,1%), todos homens, foram incluídos no estudo. Houve percentuais superiores de casados, não fumantes, com pressão arterial normal e fisicamente ativos no lazer. Registraram-se as seguintes médias: índice de massa corporal 28,5±3,4 kg/m2 , circunferência da cintura 99,2±8,5 cm, gordura corporal 25,1±4,9%, flexibilidade 21,2±9,4 cm, força isométrica de preensão manual direita e esquerda respectivamente 47,4±6,2 kgf e 44,6±6,3 kgf e força isométrica de membros inferiores 127,1±20,8 kgf. O escore médio da avaliação funcional foi de 13,8±2,6 pontos (57% com ≤14 pontos). Os sintomas osteomusculares que mais se associaram a afastamento do trabalho foram localizados no joelho (22%) e lombar (14,6%). Policiais mais velhos exibiram piores valores para índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura e porcentagem de gordura corporal, e os mais antigos na corporação demonstraram maior circunferência de cintura. CONCLUSÕES: Os policiais rodoviários federais participantes do Programa Patrulha da Saúde em Pelotas, mesmo declarando estarem fisicamente ativos, apresentaram frequentemente condições morfológicas e físicas inadequadas, assim como níveis de força e flexibilidade inferiores aos recomendados para essa população. Nesta amostra, a idade mais avançada e maior tempo de serviço na Polícia Rodoviária Federal estiveram associados a parâmetros morfológicos de alto risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Observou-se, também, que os PRF possuíam alto risco de lesões musculoesqueléticas e afastavam-se do trabalho principalmente por queixas osteomusculares nas regiões lombar e dos joelhos.

AIMS: To evaluate the socio-demographic, health, nutritional, physical and functional profile of federal highway policemen participants of the Health Patrol Program and evaluate the association of these characteristics with age and time of service. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with federal highway police officers from the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in September 2015. Health Patrol Program's participants who were not on vacation or license were included. Questionnaires with sociodemographic information, level of physical activity and musculoskeletal symptoms were applied. Anthropometric and nutritional data, blood pressure and physical and functional capacities were measured. The variables were categorized by age and time of service. The independent t-test and chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used to evaluate the associations. The significance level adopted was p≤0.05. RESULTS: Of the 64 police officers from the Pelotas police station, 41 (64.1%) men met the inclusion criteria. There were higher percentages of married, non-smokers, with normal blood pressure and physically active in leisure (89.5%). The following means were recorded: body mass index 28.5±3.4 kg/m2 , waist circumference 99.2±8.5 cm, body fat 25.1±4.9%, flexibility 21.2±9.4 cm, isometric handgrip strength of right and left hand respectively 47.4±6.2 kgf and 44.6±6.3 kgf and isometric strength of lower limbs 127.1±20.8 kgf. The average score of the functional evaluation was 13.8±2.6 points (57% with ≤14 points). The musculoskeletal symptoms that were most associated with absence from work were located in knee (22%) and low back (14,6%). Older policemen exhibited higher values for body mass index, waist circumference and body fat percentage, and the oldest in the corporation showed greater waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS: Even when they stated being physically active, federal highway police officers participating in the Health Patrol Program in Pelotas had often inadequate morphological and physical conditions, as well levels of strength and flexibility lower than those recommended for this population. In this sample, the more advanced age and longer service time in the Federal Highway Police were associated with morphological parameters of high risk for cardiovascular diseases. It was also observed that federal highway policemen had a high risk of musculoskeletal injuries and were absence from work mainly due to musculoskeletal complaints in the low back and knee regions.

A physical fitness profile of state highway patrol officers by gender and age

BACKGROUND: Law enforcement officers perform physically demanding tasks that generally remain constant as they age. However, there is limited population-specific research on age, gender and normative fitness values for law enforcement officers as opposed to those of the general population. The purpose of this study was to profile the current level of fitness for highway patrol officers based on age and gender and provide percentile ranking charts unique to this population. METHODS: Retrospective data for six-hundred and thirty-one state troopers (♂ = 597; mean age = 39.52 ± 8.09 yrs; mean height = 180.72 ± 7.06 cm; mean weight = 93.66 ± 15.72 kg: ♀ = 34; mean age = 36.20 ± 8.45 years; mean height = 169.62 ± 6.65 cm; mean weight = 74.02 ± 14.91 kg) collected in 2014–2015 were provided for analysis. Data included demographic (age), anthropometric (height and weight), and select fitness (VJ, push-ups, sit ups, isometric leg/back strength, isometric grip strength and 20 m shuttle run test) information. RESULTS: There were generally significant differences between genders for all anthropometric and fitness measures, most consistently in the 30–39 age groups. While there was a general decline in push-up and shuttle run performance in female officers, these results did not reach significance. For male officers, there were significant differences between the 20–29 year-old age group and the 30–39, 40–49 and 50–59 year-old groups with the younger group performing better in VJ, push-ups, sit ups and number of shuttle runs than the older groups. There were no differences in isometric grip strength and leg back dynamometer measures between age groups. CONCLUSION: Male officers tended to be heavier, taller and perform significantly better than female officers in all measures bar sit-ups. While there appeared to be a general decline in certain physical characteristics across genders with increasing age the notable differences were between the youngest male age group (20–29 years) and all other male age groups with a potential reason being the lack of fitness requirements once typically younger cadets leave the academy. Percentile rankings for the assessed measures were found to have elements very specific to this population when compared to the general population and those provided in this paper can be used to inform future profiling and research in this population.

Need for the complete revision of the Mental Health and Welfare Act

Involuntary treatment or compulsory admission to mental health facilities has long been a controversial issue in the field of mental health, because these practices infringe on the right to choose of a person with a mental disability and increase the risk of abuse for several reasons, not only limited to medical factors. Although the current Mental Health and Welfare Act took effect on May 30, 2017 in Korea, considerable controversy about the content of the regulation and the practical applicability of the law has emerged among mental health professionals. The earlier treatment of patients would become difficult due to the strict criteria for involuntary admissions, and the unrealistic procedures for admissions in the Act might be hard to apply in the field. Thus, a complete revision of the current Mental and Welfare Act is needed in the near future to protect the benefits of early treatment and the human rights of persons with mental illnesses in terms of how laws regarding admissions are enforced.

Teste do bafômetro: resultados e recusas de motoristas interceptados pela Operação Lei Seca no Rio de Janeiro / Breathalyzer test: results and refusals to take the test of drivers intercepted under the DUI Spot-Check Campaign in Rio de Janeiro

Resumo Estudo transversal que avaliou os resultados e as recusas ao teste do bafômetro entre motoristas interceptados pela Operação Lei Seca na capital do Rio de Janeiro e Baixada Fluminense. Realizado com base em dados cedidos pelo Governo do Estado que foram coletados durante atendimento de motoristas interceptados entre dezembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2014. Procederam-se análises descritivas da amostra e de associação entre as variáveis sexo, faixa etária e local de abordagem com as recusas e os resultados do teste do bafômetro através de um modelo de regressão logística. Dos 4756 (100%) condutores interceptados, 59 (1,2%) apresentaram resultado positivo no teste do bafômetro e 229 (4,8%) recusaram-no. Apenas a variável local de abordagem apresentou significância estatística com maiores chances de resultados positivos (OR = 4,01) e recusas ao teste (OR = 5,14) entre os condutores interceptados na Baixada Fluminense. As ações sistemáticas de fiscalização efetuadas pela Operação Lei Seca que ocorrem há mais tempo na capital parecem influenciar positivamente o comportamento de beber e dirigir dos motoristas.

Abstract Abstract This paper involved a cross-sectional study that evaluated the results and refusals to take the breathalyzer test among drivers intercepted by the Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Spot-Check Campaign (Operação Lei Seca) in the capital of Rio de Janeiro and Baixada Fluminense. It was conducted using data provided by the State Government which were collected from drivers intercepted in the months of December 2013 and January 2014. Descriptive analysis was conducted of the sample and of the association between gender, age and location variables with the result of the breathalyzer test and refusal to take the test using a logistic regression model. Of the 4756 (100%) drivers intercepted, 59 (1.2%) failed the breathalyzer test and 229 (4.8%) refused to take it. Only the location of interception variable was statistically significant with greater chances of failing (OR = 4.01) and refusal to take the test (OR = 5.14) among drivers intercepted in the Baixada Fluminense. Systematic monitoring actions taken by the DUI Spot-Check Campaign that have occurred for longer in the capital appear to have a positive impact on the drinking and driving behavior of drivers.

The Food Hygiene Institutionalization of Park Junghee Government in 1960s / 의사학

This article investigates the historical background and distinctive characteristics of the Korean food hygiene policy during the 1960s. The 3 main findings of this study are as follows. First, Food Sanitation Law in the 1960s was established too hastily and thus mistakenly accommodated two discordant laws as American style law and empire of Japan style law. The legislation of Food Sanitation Law was progressed too quickly for the justification purpose of 5·16 military coup, as one of reorganization tasks of the Korean legal structure established under Japanese imperialism, Second, a division in charge of food hygiene in the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs was newly installed in 1967, as an outcome reflecting a variety of social demand, at least, minimally. Rongalite shock in Korea prompted diverse suggestions for preventing unfortunate accidents from toxic and harmful food. However, Korean Government did not provide the division with necessary budget and manpower to implement relevant regulations. Third, "the special law against health crimes" legislated in 1969, was characterized by severe punishment policy which might be performed afterward but not by protective measures against accidents in advance. The law enabled regulators to punish corrupt dealers up to life sentence. For the constitutional amendment for President for the third term, Park Chung-hee's regime tried to calm down the complaints of people. In sum, the regulations of Korean food hygiene in the 1960s were identified as government practices using an interesting combination of low costs and severe punishments.

Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e direção de veículos nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal, segundo dois inquéritos nacionais de saúde / Alcohol consumption and driving in Brazilian capitals and Federal District according to two national health surveys

RESUMO: Objetivo Apresentar os resultados dos indicadores sobre consumo de álcool e direção para as capitais brasileiras obtidos em dois inquéritos populacionais realizados em 2013 no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com dados da população adulta (≥ 18 anos) participante da Vigilância de Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). Foram calculadas as prevalências para os indicadores de consumo de bebida alcoólica e direção veicular. Resultados: A proporção de motoristas adultos de carro ou moto que dirigiram logo depois de beber foi significativamente maior no sexo masculino (29,3% - Vigitel; 24,4% - PNS), entre jovens de 18 a 29 anos (31,6% - Vigitel; 24,1% - PNS) e entre os residentes das capitais da Região Centro-Oeste (33,7% - Vigitel; 28,3% - PNS). A proporção de adultos que referiram beber e dirigir foi maior no sexo masculino (9,4% - Vigitel; 7,4% - PNS), no grupo de 18 a 29 anos (7,1% - Vigitel; 4,5% - PNS) e entre os residentes das capitais da Região Centro-Oeste (7,9% - Vigitel; 6,1% - PNS). Conclusão: O estudo permitiu estimar a prevalência do hábito de dirigir após ingestão de bebida alcoólica entre motoristas e na população em geral e mostrou coerência entre os resultados dos dois inquéritos epidemiológicos de abrangência nacional.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To present the results of indicators of alcohol consumption and driving for Brazilian capitals based on two population surveys performed in Brazil in 2013. Methods: Cross sectional study with data from adults (≥ 18 years) participants of the Telephone Survey on Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases (Vigitel) and the National Health Survey (NHS). Prevalence for indicators of alcohol consumption and driving was then calculated. Results: The proportion of adult drivers who drove soon after drinking was significantly higher among males (29.3% - Vigitel and 24.4% - NHS), the young aging 18 to 29 years (31.6% - Vigitel and 24.1% - NHS) and among residents of the capitals of the Midwest (33.7% - Vigitel and 28.3% - NHS). The proportion of adults who reported drinking and driving was higher among males (9.4% - Vigitel and 7.4% - NHS) in the 18 to 29 age group (7.1% - Vigitel; 4.5% - NHS), and among residents of the capitals of the Midwest (7.9% - Vigitel and 6.1% - NHS). Conclusion: The study estimated the prevalence of the habit of driving after alcohol consumption among drivers and in the general population. There was consistency between the results from two nationwide surveys.

Judicialização da saúde: analisando a audiência pública no Supremo Tribunal Federal / Legalization of health: analyzing public hearing in the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court

A audiência pública sobre judicialização da saúde, convocada em 2009 pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, objetivou possibilitar o debate dos diversos setores envolvidos na busca por soluções judiciais. Este texto analisa a audiência à luz do referencial teórico de Nancy Fraser. Notam-se a ausência de falas sobre necessidades e a concentração da discussão em três focos: dispensação de medicamentos, alocação de recursos e função e interligação entre os três poderes. Para Fraser, o discurso político sobre necessidades abrange três momentos: (i) estabelecimento ou negação do status político de uma necessidade; (ii) interpretação da necessidade e poder de defini-la; e (iii) satisfação da necessidade. Conclusivamente, percebe-se a importância de que o debate sobre necessidades na área de saúde, incluindo o aspecto da judicialização, não se restrinja aos aspectos jurídicos, administrativos ou terapêuticos elencados por Fraser, mas busque avançar na definição e na satisfação das necessidades identificadas pelos diversos setores sociais...

La Audiencia Pública convocada sobre la judicialización de la salud en 2009 por el Supremo Tribunal Federal dirigida a facilitar la discusión de los diversos sectores implicados en la búsqueda de soluciones judiciales. Este texto pretende analizar esta audiencia a la luz del marco teórico de Nancy Fraser. Se observa la falta de discursos sobre las necesidades y la concentración de la discusión sobre tres enfoques: dispensación de medicamentos, de asignación de recursos y función y de interconexión entre los tres poderes. Para Nancy Fraser, el discurso político sobre las necesidades abarca tres fases: ( i ) la creación o la negación de la condición política de la necesidad; ( ii ) la interpretación de la necesidad y el poder de definirla y; ( iii ) el cumplimiento de la necesidad. En conclusión, se da cuenta de que la importancia del debate sobre las necesidades de atención de la salud, incluido el aspecto de la legalización, no se limita a los aspectos jurídicos, administrativos o terapéuticos enumerados por Fraser, pero tratan de avanzar en la definición y el cumplimiento de las necesidades identificadas por los diferentes sectores sociales...

Una mirada a la nueva Ley de donación de órganos en Chile: la polémica prioridad para los donantes / An insight into Chile's new law on organ donation: the donors' controversial priority

La modificación de la Ley N°19.451 causó un gran revuelo mediático y descontento en la población. En su artículo 2°, esta Ley dio prioridad para la recepción de un órgano, en caso de que varias personas se encuentren en igualdad de condiciones, para quien está registrado como donante de órganos respecto de quien no lo está. Con esta Ley el modelo de consentimiento pasa a ser presunto, universal y restringido. De esta forma se introduce una medida de "incentivo/obligatoriedad" para aquellos que no desean ser donantes. En el contexto de la baja tasa de donaciones de órganos que se hacían efectivas en Chile surge la idea de modificar la Ley, pero, ¿es esta la forma más adecuada de convencer a la población para que no expresen su negativa? El éxito del modelo español en donación de órganos se basa en gran medida en mejorar el conocimiento acerca de este proceso y en una buena legislación. La donación de órganos es un voto a favor de la vida y, por tanto, debiera ser válida para todos, independiente de su modo de pensar, por lo que esta modificación de la Ley iría en desmedro de ciertos derechos constitucionales.

An amendment to Chilean law 19,451 led to media uproar and discontent amongst the population. This law's second article gave priority for receiving an organ (when several people had an equal claim/condition) to patients registered as organ donors (i.e. instead of those who were not); the consent model becomes presumptive, universal and restricted with this amendment as it will introduce incentive/obligation for those who refuse to donate. The idea of changing the law arose due to the low rate of effective organ donation in Chile; however, is this the most appropriate way of convincing people not to express a negative opinion? The success of the Spanish model for organ donation has been based on improving knowledge about donation and good legislation. Organ donation is a vote in favour of life and, therefore, should be valid for all, regardless of their way of thinking; such change in the existing law would seem to be detrimental to some constitutional rights.

Internação compulsória e crack: um desserviço à saúde pública / Compulsory treatment and crack: a harmful service to public health

O objetivo deste ensaio é o de discutir a interpretação inconstitucional que vem sendo conferida à Lei nº 10.216/01, que prevê a internação compulsória de doentes mentais, mas que está servindo de fundamento para a internação de dependentes químicos. Trata-se de absoluta afronta aos princípios constitucionais da dignidade da pessoa humana e do direito à saúde. Aborda-se usuário de drogas, maior de 18 anos que tem sua internação requerida judicialmente. Partindo-se da premissa que os dependentes químicos não são doentes mentais, a internação compulsória, além de ser agressiva e uma forma de tratamento ineficaz, constitui um modo de eliminação dos indesejados, constituindo-se em prática higienista violadora de direitos humanos.

This essay aims to discuss the unconstitutional interpretation conferred to Law nº 10.216/01, which provides for compulsory hospitalization of the mentally ill but also grounds the hospitalization of drug addicts. This is an absolute outrage to the constitutional principles of human dignity and to the right to health. The essay encompasses drug users of 18 years or above who have their hospitalization required by law. Starting from the premise that the addicts are not mentally ill, compulsory hospitalization, in addition to being aggressive and an ineffective form of treatment, shall constitute a means of eliminating the unwanteds, in a hygienist practice that violates human rights.